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Family: Aquifoliaceae
common winterberry
[Ilex bronxensis Britton, moreIlex fastigiata E. P. Bicknell, Ilex verticillata subsp. tenuifolia (Torr.) E. Murray, Ilex verticillata var. cyclophylla B.L. Rob., Ilex verticillata var. fastigiata (E.P. Bicknell) Fern., Ilex verticillata var. padifolia (Willd.) Torr. & A.Gray ex S.Watson, Ilex verticillata var. tenuifolia (Torr.) S. Wats.]  Paul Rothrock |
Shrub to 5 m tall Leaves: alternate, light to dark green, 4 - 10 cm long, 1.5 - 4.8 cm wide, elliptic to egg-shaped and tapering to a slender tip, sharply toothed, usually hairy beneath. Flowers: either male or female, found on separate plants (dioecious), four- to eight-petaled, borne near leaf axil, male flowers usually in clusters of six or more, female flowers solitary or in clusters of three. Fruit: fleshy with hard nutlets in the center (drupe), bright red, occasionally yellow, 7 mm in diameter, rounded. Twigs: olive-brown to purplish brown, becoming dark brown, smooth or hairy with raised, corky spots (lenticels). Buds: brown, 2 - 3 mm long, almost spherical. Similar species: Ilex opaca, Ilex verticillata, and Nemopanthus mucronatus have very similar fruit. However, other characteristics make them easy to distinguish from each other. Ilex opaca is a tree that has evergreen, oval to narrow elliptic, leathery leaves with a few spiny teeth along the margins. Nemopanthus mucronatus is a shrub with deciduous, narrow elliptic to narrow egg-shaped leaves that have few teeth or non-toothed margins. Flowering: June Habitat and ecology: Common in bogs, boggy woodlands, and edges of ponds. Occurence in the Chicago region: native Notes: Many birds eat the fruit throughout winter. Etymology: Ilex comes from the Latin name of the holm oak (Quercus ilex), which has leaves similar to those in the Ilex genus. Thus, the genus Ilex was named after this species of oak. Verticillata comes from the Latin word meaning whorled, referring to the clusters of flowers forming somewhat of a ring around the stem. Author: The Morton Arboretum Shrub to 5 m; lvs round-obovate to elliptic or lance- oblong, usually acuminate, with numerous appressed or salient teeth; staminate fls 4-6-merous, several in each fascicle; pistillate fls 5-8-merous, solitary or few together; sep ciliate; fr bright red, varying to yellow, 7 mm thick; nutlets smooth on the back; 2n=36. Swamps and wet woods. May, June. Four vars.: Gleason, Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur J. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. lxxv + 910 pp. ©The New York Botanical Garden. All rights reserved. Used by permission. |
